In early spring, cooler temperatures and low to moderate humidity often allow cows to remain comfortable and productive with minimal environmental stress. As spring turns into summer, however, conditions change.

Protein is one of the most expensive nutrients in a dairy ration on a per-unit basis, and it is also one of the easiest places to lose money when diets are not balanced precisely.

For Idaho dairies, 2025 brought pressures from both outside and inside the operation. Policy uncertainty, trade friction and shifting dairy processor expectations shaped the scenario, but the most lasting effects may come from decisions made in barns, feed centers and breeding programs.

The circular bioeconomy, an emerging, innovative and holistic approach, provides an alternative solution to address the global challenges faced by dairy production.