You know algae. It’s the gunk that collects on the sides of a fish tank when you forget to clean it. It’s the slime that makes you slip on rocks while crossing a stream. You probably think of algae as a nuisance, if you even bother to think of it at all.

A reader recently e-mailed me to say he enjoyed our animal welfare review series. He also read with interest the standards comparison chart in the last issue.

For nearly 150 years, members of Jay Hansen’s family have lived and farmed on Black Hawk County land near Waterloo, Iowa, where Jay and his four sons now work together.

The Western Dairy Challenge contest took place between Feb. 28 and March 1, at the Holiday Inn Hotel in Visalia, California.

As corn prices hovered near $3.50 per bushel, feed cost per cow per day increased over 80 cents per 100 pounds, while record milk prices occurred in July 2007. In 2007-2008, milk price will need to increase $1 per hundredweight to cover higher corn grain, hay, cottonseed and silage costs.

Recent interest in animal welfare stems often from concerns related to intensive farming techniques.

Water is one of the most basic, yet important things we can supply for our cows. Despite the central role that water plays in mammalian physiology, we tend to take it for granted.

At recent dairy production workshops sponsored by the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Milk Producers Association, Dr. Joe Harner, Kansas State University, offered Minnesota dairy producers a look at how high- producing cows spend their time.

Dairy operators face a number of management problems during the production season. One of these problems is the control of insect pests.

We have been hammering away at relieving heat stress on dairy cows for a long time, including how to design, build, modify and manage facilities. Heat stress occurs when the heat generated by the cow and heat received by her from the environment exceeds the amount of heat she can successfully release to her environment. SAAWW is a convenient tool for remembering the critical steps to cut heat stress. • Shade for dairy cattle (any age) reduces the heat load on the animals from direct solar radiation. • Air exchange is necessary when cows are inside a shelter to remove hot, stale, humid air and replace it with fresh outside air. A minimum 1000 cfm air exchange per cow is recommended. • Air moving over cows at a high speed (220 to 440 feet per minute or 2.5 to 5 miles per hour) helps the cow increase the amount of heat she can lose from her body by convective cooling. • Water is essential for a cow’s bodily functions. During heat stress conditions she needs extra water to enhance her cooling by evaporating it from her respiratory tract and the surface of her body. Plenty of clean fresh water to drink is the first step in any cow heat stress relief process. • Water can also be applied to a cow’s skin and evaporation encouraged (sprinkling with a breeze) to remove more heat from her body. Passing air through a wet evaporative cooling pad or a fine water mist from a high- pressure misting nozzle will reduce the air temperature (and increase the humidity). A mild day and a barn with inadequate air exchange (curtains closed or inadequate fans operating) can quickly increase the temperature humidity index (THI) and put a cow under heat stress conditions. The upper temperature of a cow’s thermal comfort zone is usually expressed as about 77ºF. However, the impact of air humidity on the evaporation rate from the cow decreases cooling as humidity increases. This humidity can be a result of a hot, humid summer day or a hot, humid barn due to warm outside temperatures and inadequate air exchange. Cows can and do experience heat stress every month of the year due to poor or nonexistent ventilation systems. A heat stress chart (Figure 1*) illustrates the relationship of air temperature and humidity and their impact on the cow’s stress level. A cow can begin to feel mild heat stress between 70 and 85ºF depending on the humidity in the air. At 80ºF and 80 percent relative humidity (RH) a cow in an under-ventilated, humid barn will feel a similar level of stress as a cow at 100ºF and 15 percent RH under a sunshade in the desert. A dairy that does not respond to warm outside conditions with an appropriate increase in ventilation and drinking water could stress cows any month of the year. Does this happen at your dairy? Use the chart in Figure 1* to learn the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on heat stress. Humid, warm nights or barns with insufficient air exchange can be as harmful as higher temperatures when the relative humidity is low. PD —Excerpts from Penn State Dairy Digest, April 2007 Robert E. Graves, Agricultural Biological Engineering Extension, Penn State University